Satellite Sensor Characteristics

Technology and Community Development

TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Kumah ERIC JUNIOR

March 2009

SUMMARY:

In today's world, technology has invaded many aspects of human life. From his enormous influence on our education and professional development, to the presence more subtle bit of trash our homes gadgets, technology is everywhere.

The reasons for the penetration is reduced to some features that technology itself has. One of these features, it is of great interest to many scholars, is the apparent lack of barriers to technology diffusion. It easily penetrates societies and even to remote communities, and once you reach your destination and becomes popular, it becomes seemingly difficult to stop its spread. As a result, consumer technology like mobile phones, laptops, PDAs, radios and televisions have become common in places like Africa, even with all the barriers that have anticipated.

Unfortunately, it does not need much analysis to realize that despite the use of technology is becoming increasing rapidly in Africa, we still have many problems of development in our continent. This is a situation in which advanced technology is the coexistence with underdevelopment in Africa. With all the power he wields technology will be a useful exercise to explore how it can be used to solve some of the problems too has come into compliance. In essence, using our equipment little to solve our big problems.

This is the context in which they carried out this study. Asked whether problems can be solved at all, then list the cases in which development projects using the technology have been put to work, and the conclusion to review cases and learn from them.

CHAPTER. 1.

INTRODUCTION

The limits to what the human mind can conceive and achieve the increasing. More discoveries have been made more things have been created, more theories have been tested and disproved, more machines were made and more problems have been created. The scientific technology has been the driving force behind all these. Science has proved a powerful tool that has touched many people and has shaped many communities.

According to the 10th edition of the Concise Oxford Dictionary, technology is the application of scientific knowledge for purposes practical. Clearly this definition we can see that scientific knowledge can exist in theory, but only becomes technology when used in practical contexts. For example, we say that knowledge of the rules of the up-thrust and buoyancy is theoretical, but practical use of these standards for the manufacture of aircraft that could be called the technology of aircraft.

Still according to the Concise Oxford Dictionary 10th edition, a community is the people of an area considered collectively, while development is explained in the sense of growth or grow and become larger or more advanced. By implication, Community Development explained that the growth or progress of a group of people.

Today the world has become highly technological, and things in the years seventies passed for science fiction are now so common that almost have become necessities. From all corners of the world, the technology has a global acceptance, is everywhere and has the potential to dramatically change the situation.

Any attempt to assign reasons for the ubiquity of technology will have many suggestions, some of which are that the machines have proved more effective than humans in some tasks, the machines are less prone to errors, impartial and never tires, as human beings. Another could be the increasing sophistication of human beings and the concomitant need for equally complicated messengers to help us make many tasks, which is linked to the nature of interesting technology that once a more advanced way of doing something is, it is almost unthinkable to treat to do with "obsolete" means.

With such a large-scale interaction of these and many more factors, there is no reason to be surprised by the sudden emergence of automatic machines to handle the tasks of tender years; cleaning floors, washing clothes, cutting bread, cake mix, etc. and the list goes on and on.

And that is far from all, and the list of possibilities is endless innovation. In fact, some of these innovations have shaped the world and there are many examples to cite. The discovery of electricity and the radio wave, both changed the world. Today, computers are changing the world, even faster. Now with mobile phones, the opportunities have come and our imagination has become the only limiting factor. We can only wait for the next big thing to create and who knows what will?

The image of technological progress is not entirely rosy. In fact, there are some of the less science, and the introduction of new forms of danger that comes as a result of innovative technology, such as the nuclear bomb came from nuclear technology, unforeseen genetic mutations are the result of genetic engineering, and the numerous little talk of chemicals that can destroy the ozone layer or heating the planet.

The severity of the disadvantages of the technology have led some people argue that technological progress, which is an example of scientific development We are doing more advanced entities but less than humans. In other words, we have become better scientists, bankers and professionals and the worst human beings. Martin Luther King puts this argument succinctly when he said "Our scientific power has exceeded our spiritual power, We have guided missiles and misguided men. "

The disadvantages that brings the technology are issues that require serious consideration to see what can be done to eliminate or at least minimize their impact and that technology has definitely come to stay, and would be an advantage for us to learn to work with in a way that will be most beneficial for us.

But despite the disadvantages listed here and many more without a name, we have seen that we can still take many benefits of science, and since we live in, or are at least a part of the world where development is still a big headache, we must be the first to initiate a study This phenomenon seriously and see how we can use it to our benefit. You may be surprised to see there is a high viability in the use of our little gadgets to solve our major problems.

Let's clear that the aim of this work is to present technology as the magic cure that will clear our multitude of problems on the smell, the Technology alone will not solve Africa's problems, because our problems are too complex, too deep and too overwhelming for any simplistic to succeed. We can only succeed when, if they have a more holistic approach to the problem, including a strong commitment to serious research, the establishment appropriate structures, and taking necessary initiatives. It will be incorrect to assume that technology itself is inherently good, and only one application will sufficient to reach any result3 well. While technology may be able to do anything, people should have the vision to drive in the right direction.

Only with this knowledge can make any significant increase in the development agenda.

In our particular context, Africa has demonstrated the technology Advanced coexist with underdevelopment. People have satellite television, while there are no teachers in the classroom, we have mobile devices and computers pocket and devices of our streets, but still not the right name, there is still a large number of illiterates in the population who own and use mobile cell, diffusion of health information remains a challenge despite the fact that many people have access to radio and television. This sad list is endless.

CHAPTER 2:

Can technology really address our problems?

Assistance health, access to water and life expectancy, governance, industrialization and even the quality of human life, there are numerous problems facing communities Africa.

Today they say we're living in the information age, an era where access to information is the new driving force in the world. The proliferation Internet and World Wide Web has reduced the world to a mass audience with unprecedented access to vast amounts of information. This communication is open and training alliances is unimpeded by physical distance, national or political borders4. With all the dynamics that brings this modern, technology stands as a favorite to achieve any meaningful sustainable development for many reasons.

Principal among these reasons is the fact that improved awareness of underdevelopment Peer Africa, which could be due to the age of information, and a belief that improving our situation can be turned around. This is markedly different decades ago when there were a lot of resignation and hopelessness among black professionals. Evidence to support this observation would be that much more our thoughts go on the agenda of African integration and greater attention to economic partnership agreements (EU-ECOWAS).

Another positive indicator is the growing number of trained and competent technology on the face of the continent. Of course, numbers alone do not improve will be a good indicator, but with the integral approach discussed before, one can see a sign of hope that demonstrates a very high potential for success in a well though out scheme to use technology to solve our problems of development.

Another good point is the individual work being carried out by different groups with different approaches (studies on the system of indigenous leaders, for example) to try to solve the same problems. This is clear evidence to suggest that beyond the level of commitment, attempts have been made in solving real problems. Even if some of these attempts have not succeeded because of the many challenges along the way, the experience has been gained and lessons are drawn from them, to be used for future use.

Finally, there are areas where there have been important steps have already been made in Africa. Statistics show, for example, there have been notable improvements in the enrollment of girl students in places like Nigeria, Kenya and Zambia5. This is definitely a feather in our cap, and these areas can serve as catalysts to address the remaining dark spots.

All these imply that we might be closer than ever to solving our problems, and everything that can be left will be a few giant push forward.

This is where technology enters the picture. It's the only thing that seems to have no barriers, catch with ease and has the power to transform even the most inaccessible areas of remote land in cities fledgling business. It is ubiquitous. His innovations accelerate per month. As a result, is the most likely tool to achieve something significant.

In the early years 90, African scholars described as left in a technological apartheid 6. Today, however, with increasing globalization perhaps an image a paintable little better. Although Africa is not in the league of innovative initiatives newer, you can not make as good use of technology as we should, or like some others, still have something positive to report. For example, in some cases, Africa has really comparable human and hardware resources. So "apartheid" would not be a precise definition of the situation as it stands.

As mentioned earlier in this document, technology alone will not solve our problems. However, with very serious consideration by the active participation, a comprehensive and well though out plan that incorporates technology will be a very viable solution.

However, taking a look at all the attempts so far and its attendant problems and the effects on his case, can say with confidence that all relevant accompanying praise, technology became very important gains in encouraging the development agenda.

CHAPTER 3:

How technology is used to solve problems?

In many countries around the world, people have taken serious steps in the use of technology knowledge to solve all problems. Many problems have emerged from such attempts, and the summaries below are very short of some places where the science practice has been used for the growth of the community.

3.1 ELECTIONS

In Africa's recent history of government, elections have always been a challenge. It's hard to find an exercise in completely free and fair vote, while contested elections, unfair trials, transparent and simple irregularities are common inefficiency. With a background Poverty is not too difficult to understand why the stakes are so high in African politics and why the power is very profitable in this part of the world. This does not resist however, there are a number of disturbances that could have been avoided if all elections have been shown to be fair, free and transparent, to an appreciable extent.

Achieving this ideal level has proved difficult because of the complex interaction of several factors including a government funded electoral commission, the winner takes every value, not the motivation to commit to the virtues of the right. Knowing that power is so profitable when it comes to this winner has all the adjustments, it is really difficult to release control of the electoral process. This is a motivation for dishonorable acts, unfortunately, we see very often.

Because elections are high-involvement and require complex programs, covering a number of places (the home of a voter to the polling station, the collection center, the headquarters of the electoral commission, the public domain and return home of the voters), it follows that unless you are trying to make a public presentation of their nefarious activity, you would to be a tactic to be successful in these disgraceful acts. The tactics vary, but they always involve a series of acts which are designed to prevent that information entering the public domain. So, for example, the numbers may be changed at any time if the original and authentic fall into the hands of the public.

If the Democratic leadership really means, there is no attempt at electoral fraud. But not now in this ideal stage, election monitoring is a tool that can operate at least reduce the ability of cheating.

Mobile phone technology is being used in monitoring the elections in some African countries under a new system of election monitoring called "report". Presentation parallel reporting is simply an approach to monitoring elections to allow independent observers spread the news of the votes cast at the basic level, that is the voting booth. The figures are relayed to an independent center which collated and verified with official figures announced by the Electoral Commission.

One advantage of this system is being made increasingly difficult for an electoral commission to try to influence the results fraudulently in favor of either party in dispute. The dissemination or transmission of the performance figures are largely done with mobile phones. Senegal is an example from a country where the project has been successful.

3.2 Healthcare

The statistics obtained from health research are interesting. The figures show that a large number of HIV-AIDS sufferers in the world people live in Africa. At the same time, a growing market for consumer electronics, as mobile devices, handheld PCs, etc. can be found here in Africa. This represents a population overlap, and it is prudent that a certain amount of research has been directed towards trying to find ways to incorporate technology in the treatment of many diseases in the face of continent7.

Tuberculosis (TB) has long been known that one of the deadliest diseases known to man. Apart from the threat that this disease presents a highly contagious bacterial life human, but also has some additional notoriety for reducing the person who suffers from immune system to make it easier for other diseases that can have varying degrees of dangerousness, to attack the victim.

As if that were not enough, TB is a deadly habit of mutation in the least If no drug adherence. Therefore, any doctor knows that a tuberculosis patient who demonstrates a disregard for the rules of drugs is not clearly interested to get healed. As a result of this, over the years, the way to enforce religious adherence of drugs have been tried, but success has eluded largely carers.

In South Africa there is a very laudable project, the allocation of SimPill winning Accession System project, which uses a real system of time management to increase adherence to medications prescribed for the treatment of chronic diseases – particularly tuberculosis, which is a cause of death of people living with HIV.

3.3 SOCIAL ISSUES

Graves projects that use technology to tackle social problems have applied in South Africa. One such idea UMN Fahamu named Yang (meaning 'door' in isiZulu) has been implemented to curb domestic violence equipping people with cell phones as tools to monitor and report the abuse. Under this scheme, victims of using cell phones to call a number popular predefined and give details of the abuse.

The fear of being victim has always been difficult for victims, witnesses or family members to step forward and complaints to the relevant authorities. There are examples of places where they had reported the abuse and had been arrested by the abuser. We had friends of a victim an abuse of reporting his friend to go home only to be abused by their spouses, as punishment for "poking their noses into the affairs of others." These good citizens were obliged to pay the price for exposing a wrong thing.

This fear has been totally eliminated under this project due to the provision of anonymity, the phone call could be done in secret, and even the details of the journalist are not always necessary. This is in sharp contrast to the situation in the past in which the victims, neighbors or witnesses were forced into a police station to make an official report.

Apart from the successes with chalk on the number of reports received, has also been a reduction in the number of cases of abuse. This may be due in part to the sense of deterring would – abusers that any bystander holding a mobile phone can only make sure you receive a visit from a police detective violence marriage.

Animal Farming 3.4

The technology has also been put to good use in agriculture.

Farmers who raise cattle in small herds, over time, develop a personal relationship with animals, the farmer knows all about them and you may notice a lost animal or a patient with just a glance. However, because it takes months of careful observation of the behavior of each cow to know all the animals well enough to be considered when an infection is or when an animal is not properly brooding, this task would not be effective if it takes a human shepherd with a large herd.

To remedy this situation, technology voice tags was developed in Europe. This project has a label, a belt equipped with sensors and carry around the neck of each animal. These sensors monitor several indicators such as rate of ruminating animals, voice clarity, digestion and breathing and send the collected data to a central computer.

Above of time the team knows what is normal for each cow and notify the pastor, when something goes wrong with a cow.

The advantage of this project is that a farmer can have rapid and specific measures, such as giving special treatment to the animals in question. This eliminates the need for general treatment to the whole herd, which is both time and spend money.

These are some of the ways in which technology is being used for further development.

CHAPTER 4

What lessons have been learned?

No matter how the promise of an idea or project sounds are not required to be the problems encountered in implementing the project. In achieving the above projects, the following are some of the problems one is likely to face:

In the surveillance program elections, misinformation has been identified as one of the problems the program stars in the face. Admittedly, when all information was not located in the hands of government, then a lot more transparency will be achieved, but it is also true that the mass disinformation remains an unpleasant possibility.

Another problem could arise when there is a situation where people do not necessarily rely on the degree of independence of the independent observers called. It may lead to a problem that the parties could put a stain on the reputation of the observers to use the resulting mistrust of lay the groundwork for a possible rejection of the results.

In general, this is a laudable idea, and if a means of verification have been added, the figures mean more than a lot of people.

While celebrating the successes chalked it is important to note that a number of other factors necessary for progress before a state could move towards a more democratic government. According to the expert in African politics, Sheldon Gellar, these changes include: strengthening independent media, cultivation and ensuring freedom of civil society, decentralization of power, giving more control to local governments, empowering women and improving the judicial systems to ensure independence and power to punish.

Governance is an area that is set to reap some benefits of this phenomenon when used judiciously, the rule arbitrary and unilateral action can be reduced to a more participatory approach to leadership in Ghana

The technology could help achieve these goals, to some extent, as communication is the key to overcoming oppression.

In some cases, such as monitoring of elections or the reporting of domestic violence, the Internet can be used to provide communities with means to communicate, to organize and obtain good information that is not controlled by the government. However, this is not practical in Africa since only a small percentage of Africans have access to affordable Internet.

Project in health care, basic mismanagement has been identified as one of the reasons why many projects seem to skate to stop after being tested. The necessary funds are not always available for those who need them.

Another problem observed is that people will use the project are not always consulted in the design and planning ideas, so there is a lack of communication between beneficiaries, health professionals, technicians and managers.

Another problem is the theft of mobile phones. While cell phones are relatively inexpensive technology which still hold considerable value in poor areas, and are commonly stolen. And the theft is likely to increase as these devices become more and more complex. However, this is very debatable as some analysts argue that the loss of a cell phone to a thief is less of a financial loss to lose a more expensive machine.

In the domestic violence project a major obstacle was communication gap between the different parties involved in the system. The vote has been almost non-existent and people do could tell whether their input was useful – or received, and in some cases, police officers receive messages denouncing violence against women can not be prepared to respond.

Another problem is the appalling situation in which some unscrupulous people make the work more difficult for the authorities increased false alarms. This could be addressed by education and the introduction of punitive measures.

However, for the effective use of punitive measures, even more advanced technology will be necessary, for example, identifying a particular subscriber, cell phone, and take action against them, such as blocking their Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards etc

And the usual problem of funding for many projects is always present too, and is the most predominant in the draft animals.

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

Of course, there are challenges that exist in the use of technology to achieve development goals, but those efforts still a huge potential and costs of any obstacles will not stand in comparison with the threat of underdevelopment and poverty. So we can only try to work harder in this type of solution.

Our attempts to develop and think more efforts should seriously about sustainability and scalability. An important consideration in this direction is the affordability of the plan and develop programs. More options affordable have a higher probability of success, so the fact that most development projects do not require extremely complex gadgets or new is really nice to the note.

Also through the creation and deployment of any project, sufficient consultation should be undertaken to ensure that there is a general purchase on the idea of creators to beneficiaries. This command will make a common sense idea of a property.

The quality of management also be improved and should establish measures to ensure the right things are done.

Identifying the problem is half the solution. You now are more aware and have made some attempts to solve them. Putting our acts together to draw conclusions and re-elaboration of strategies with a focus on the new technology is definitely the way to go. I'm sure the feasibility of this new approach.

References cited

1 Steere M. cell phones promise fairer elections in Africa. Cable News Network [online] 2009. Available from http://edition.cnn.com/europe. Accessed 2009 Feb 6.

2 Wikipedia. Technology.Wikipedia.org [online] 2009.
Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology. Evaluated 2009 March 27

3 males N. Will technology solve Africa's problems?. Global Voices Online [online] 2009. Available from http://globalvoicesonline.com / Accessed 2009 Feb 6.

AJ Finnis 4 Learning in the Information Age.Twinisles [online] 2009.
Available http://dev.twinisles.com/research/learninfoage.htm. Accessed 2009 March 27

5 Kitetu, C. gender in education: An overview of trends in development in Africa.
Available www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/groups/crile/docs/crile54kitetu.pdf. Accessed 2009 March 27

6 Castells, M. Information Technology Globalization and Social Development. [Abstract]. In UNRISD Discussion Paper No. 114.September 1999.p11.

7 Walvaren K. Did you say cell phones for development? Association for Progressive Communications. [Online] 2007.Available of http://www.acp.org/en/home. Accessed 2009 Feb 6.

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